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D Grammar

Lexical Syntax

Refer to the page for lexical syntax.

Interpolation Expression Sequence

InterpolationExpressionSequence:
    InterpolatedDoubleQuotedLiteral
    InterpolatedWysiwygLiteral
    InterpolatedTokenLiteral
InterpolatedDoubleQuotedLiteral:
    i" InterpolatedDoubleQuotedCharactersopt "
InterpolatedDoubleQuotedCharacters: InterpolatedDoubleQuotedCharacter InterpolatedDoubleQuotedCharacter InterpolatedDoubleQuotedCharacters
InterpolatedDoubleQuotedCharacter: DoubleQuotedCharacter InterpolationEscapeSequence InterpolationExpression
InterpolationEscapeSequence: EscapeSequence \$
InterpolationExpression: $( AssignExpression )
InterpolatedWysiwygLiteral:
    i` InterpolatedWysiwygCharactersopt `
InterpolatedWysiwygCharacters: InterpolatedWysiwygCharacter InterpolatedWysiwygCharacter InterpolatedWysiwygCharacters
InterpolatedWysiwygCharacter: WysiwygCharacter InterpolationExpression
InterpolatedTokenLiteral:
    iq{ InterpolatedTokenStringTokensopt }
InterpolatedTokenStringTokens: InterpolatedTokenStringToken InterpolatedTokenStringToken InterpolatedTokenStringTokens
InterpolatedTokenStringToken: InterpolatedTokenNoBraces { InterpolatedTokenStringTokensopt }
InterpolatedTokenNoBraces: TokenNoBraces InterpolationExpression

Modules

Module:
    ModuleDeclaration
    ModuleDeclaration DeclDefs
    DeclDefs
DeclDefs: DeclDef DeclDef DeclDefs
DeclDef: AttributeSpecifier Declaration Constructor Destructor Postblit Invariant UnitTest AliasThis StaticConstructor StaticDestructor SharedStaticConstructor SharedStaticDestructor ConditionalDeclaration DebugSpecification VersionSpecification MixinDeclaration EmptyDeclaration
EmptyDeclaration: ;
ModuleDeclaration:
    ModuleAttributesopt module ModuleFullyQualifiedName ;
ModuleAttributes: ModuleAttribute ModuleAttribute ModuleAttributes
ModuleAttribute: DeprecatedAttribute UserDefinedAttribute
ModuleFullyQualifiedName: ModuleName Packages . ModuleName
ModuleName: Identifier
Packages:
    PackageName
    Packages . PackageName
PackageName: Identifier
ImportDeclaration:
    import ImportList ;
    static import ImportList ;
ImportList: Import ImportBindings Import , ImportList
Import: ModuleFullyQualifiedName ModuleAliasIdentifier = ModuleFullyQualifiedName
ImportBindings: Import : ImportBindList
ImportBindList: ImportBind ImportBind , ImportBindList
ImportBind: Identifier Identifier = Identifier
ModuleAliasIdentifier: Identifier
MixinDeclaration:
    mixin ( ArgumentList ) ;

Declarations

Declaration:
    FuncDeclaration
    VarDeclarations
    AliasDeclaration
    AliasAssign
    AggregateDeclaration
    EnumDeclaration
    ImportDeclaration
    ConditionalDeclaration
    StaticForeachDeclaration
    StaticAssert
    TemplateDeclaration
    TemplateMixinDeclaration
    TemplateMixin
AggregateDeclaration:
    ClassDeclaration
    InterfaceDeclaration
    StructDeclaration
    UnionDeclaration
VarDeclarations:
    StorageClassesopt BasicType TypeSuffixesopt IdentifierInitializers ;
    AutoDeclaration
IdentifierInitializers: IdentifierInitializer IdentifierInitializer , IdentifierInitializers
IdentifierInitializer: Identifier Identifier TemplateParametersopt = Initializer
Declarator: TypeSuffixesopt Identifier
StorageClasses:
    StorageClass
    StorageClass StorageClasses
StorageClass: LinkageAttribute AlignAttribute AtAttribute deprecated enum static extern abstract final override synchronized auto scope const immutable inout shared __gshared Property nothrow pure ref
Initializer:
    VoidInitializer
    NonVoidInitializer
NonVoidInitializer: AssignExpression ArrayLiteral StructInitializer
VoidInitializer:
    void
AutoDeclaration:
    StorageClasses AutoAssignments ;
AutoAssignments: AutoAssignment AutoAssignments , AutoAssignment
AutoAssignment: Identifier TemplateParametersopt = Initializer
AliasDeclaration:
    alias StorageClassesopt BasicType TypeSuffixesopt Identifiers ;
    alias StorageClassesopt BasicType FuncDeclarator ;
    alias AliasAssignments ;
Identifiers: Identifier Identifier , Identifiers
AliasAssignments: AliasAssignment AliasAssignments , AliasAssignment
AliasAssignment: Identifier TemplateParametersopt = StorageClassesopt Type Identifier TemplateParametersopt = FunctionLiteral Identifier TemplateParametersopt = StorageClassesopt Type Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
AliasAssign:
    Identifier = Type
AliasReassignment:
    Identifier = StorageClassesopt Type
    Identifier = FunctionLiteral
    Identifier = StorageClassesopt BasicType Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt

Types

Type:
    TypeCtorsopt BasicType TypeSuffixesopt
TypeCtors: TypeCtor TypeCtor TypeCtors
TypeCtor: const immutable inout shared
BasicType: FundamentalType . QualifiedIdentifier QualifiedIdentifier Typeof Typeof . QualifiedIdentifier TypeCtor ( Type ) Vector TraitsExpression MixinType
Vector: __vector ( VectorBaseType )
VectorBaseType: Type
FundamentalType: bool byte ubyte short ushort int uint long ulong cent ucent char wchar dchar float double real ifloat idouble ireal cfloat cdouble creal void
TypeSuffixes: TypeSuffix TypeSuffixesopt
TypeSuffix: * [ ] [ AssignExpression ] [ AssignExpression .. AssignExpression ] [ Type ] delegate Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt function Parameters FunctionAttributesopt
QualifiedIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . QualifiedIdentifier TemplateInstance TemplateInstance . QualifiedIdentifier Identifier [ AssignExpression ] Identifier [ AssignExpression ] . QualifiedIdentifier
StorageClassesopt Type Parameters FunctionAttributesopt
Type function Parameters FunctionAttributesopt
Type delegate Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
Typeof:
    typeof ( Expression )
    typeof ( return )
MixinType:
    mixin ( ArgumentList )

Attributes

AttributeSpecifier:
    Attribute :
    Attribute DeclarationBlock
Attribute: AlignAttribute AtAttribute DeprecatedAttribute FunctionAttributeKwd LinkageAttribute Pragma VisibilityAttribute abstract auto const final __gshared extern immutable inout override ref return scope shared static synchronized
FunctionAttributeKwd: nothrow pure
AtAttribute: @ disable @ nogc @ live Property @ safe @ system @ trusted UserDefinedAttribute
Property: @ property
DeclarationBlock: DeclDef { DeclDefsopt }
LinkageAttribute:
    extern ( LinkageType )
    extern ( C ++ , )
    extern ( C ++ , QualifiedIdentifier )
    extern ( C ++ , NamespaceList )
    extern ( C ++ , class )
    extern ( C ++ , struct )
LinkageType: C C ++ D Windows System Objective - C
NamespaceList: ConditionalExpression ConditionalExpression, ConditionalExpression, NamespaceList
AlignAttribute:
    align
    align ( AssignExpression )
DeprecatedAttribute:
    deprecated
    deprecated ( AssignExpression )
VisibilityAttribute:
    export
    package
    package ( QualifiedIdentifier )
    private
    protected
    public
UserDefinedAttribute:
    @ ( TemplateArgumentList )
    @ TemplateSingleArgument
    @ Identifier ( NamedArgumentListopt )
    @ TemplateInstance
    @ TemplateInstance ( NamedArgumentListopt )

Pragmas

PragmaDeclaration:
    Pragma ;
    Pragma DeclarationBlock
PragmaStatement: Pragma ; Pragma NoScopeStatement
Pragma: pragma ( Identifier ) pragma ( Identifier , ArgumentList )

Expressions

Expression:
    CommaExpression
CommaExpression:
    AssignExpression
    CommaExpression , AssignExpression
AssignExpression:
    ConditionalExpression
    ConditionalExpression = AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression += AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression -= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression *= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression /= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression %= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression &= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression |= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression ^= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression ~= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression <<= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression >>= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression >>>= AssignExpression
    ConditionalExpression ^^= AssignExpression
ConditionalExpression:
    OrOrExpression
    OrOrExpression ? Expression : ConditionalExpression
OrOrExpression:
    AndAndExpression
    OrOrExpression || AndAndExpression
AndAndExpression:
    OrExpression
    AndAndExpression && OrExpression
OrExpression:
    XorExpression
    OrExpression | XorExpression
XorExpression:
    AndExpression
    XorExpression ^ AndExpression
AndExpression:
    CmpExpression
    AndExpression & CmpExpression
CmpExpression:
    EqualExpression
    IdentityExpression
    RelExpression
    InExpression
    ShiftExpression
EqualExpression:
    ShiftExpression == ShiftExpression
    ShiftExpression != ShiftExpression
IdentityExpression:
    ShiftExpression is ShiftExpression
    ShiftExpression ! is ShiftExpression
RelExpression:
    ShiftExpression < ShiftExpression
    ShiftExpression <= ShiftExpression
    ShiftExpression > ShiftExpression
    ShiftExpression >= ShiftExpression
InExpression:
    ShiftExpression in ShiftExpression
    ShiftExpression ! in ShiftExpression
ShiftExpression:
    AddExpression
    ShiftExpression << AddExpression
    ShiftExpression >> AddExpression
    ShiftExpression >>> AddExpression
AddExpression:
    MulExpression
    AddExpression + MulExpression
    AddExpression - MulExpression
    AddExpression ~ MulExpression
MulExpression:
    UnaryExpression
    MulExpression * UnaryExpression
    MulExpression / UnaryExpression
    MulExpression % UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression:
    & UnaryExpression
    ++ UnaryExpression
    -- UnaryExpression
    * UnaryExpression
    - UnaryExpression
    + UnaryExpression
    ! UnaryExpression
    ComplementExpression
    DeleteExpression
    CastExpression
    ThrowExpression
    PowExpression
ComplementExpression:
    ~ UnaryExpression
DeleteExpression:
    delete UnaryExpression
CastExpression:
    cast ( Type ) UnaryExpression
    CastQual
CastQual:
    cast ( TypeCtorsopt ) UnaryExpression
ThrowExpression:
    throw AssignExpression
PowExpression:
    PostfixExpression
    PostfixExpression ^^ UnaryExpression
PostfixExpression:
    PrimaryExpression
    PostfixExpression . Identifier
    PostfixExpression . TemplateInstance
    PostfixExpression . NewExpression
    PostfixExpression ++
    PostfixExpression --
    PostfixExpression ( NamedArgumentListopt )
    TypeCtorsopt BasicType ( NamedArgumentListopt )
    PostfixExpression IndexOperation
    PostfixExpression SliceOperation
ArgumentList:
    AssignExpression
    AssignExpression ,
    AssignExpression , ArgumentList
NamedArgumentList: NamedArgument NamedArgument , NamedArgument , NamedArgumentList
NamedArgument: Identifier : AssignExpression AssignExpression
IndexOperation:
    [ ArgumentList ]
SliceOperation:
    [ ]
    [ Slice ,opt ]
Slice: AssignExpression AssignExpression , Slice AssignExpression .. AssignExpression AssignExpression .. AssignExpression , Slice
PrimaryExpression:
    Identifier
    . Identifier
    TemplateInstance
    . TemplateInstance
    this
    super
    null
    true
    false
    $
    IntegerLiteral
    FloatLiteral
    CharacterLiteral
    StringLiteral
    InterpolationExpressionSequence
    ArrayLiteral
    AssocArrayLiteral
    FunctionLiteral
    AssertExpression
    MixinExpression
    ImportExpression
    NewExpression
    FundamentalType . Identifier
    ( Type ) . Identifier
    ( Type ) . TemplateInstance
    FundamentalType ( NamedArgumentListopt )
    TypeCtor ( Type ) . Identifier
    TypeCtor ( Type ) ( NamedArgumentListopt )
    Typeof
    TypeidExpression
    IsExpression
    ( Expression )
    SpecialKeyword
    TraitsExpression
ArrayLiteral:
    [ ArrayMemberInitializationsopt ]
ArrayMemberInitializations: ArrayMemberInitialization ArrayMemberInitialization , ArrayMemberInitialization , ArrayMemberInitializations
ArrayMemberInitialization: NonVoidInitializer AssignExpression : NonVoidInitializer
AssocArrayLiteral:
    [ KeyValuePairs ]
KeyValuePairs: KeyValuePair KeyValuePair , KeyValuePairs
KeyValuePair: KeyExpression : ValueExpression
KeyExpression: AssignExpression
ValueExpression: AssignExpression
FunctionLiteral:
    function RefOrAutoRefopt Typeopt ParameterWithAttributesopt FunctionLiteralBody2
    delegate RefOrAutoRefopt Typeopt ParameterWithMemberAttributesopt FunctionLiteralBody2
    RefOrAutoRefopt ParameterWithMemberAttributes FunctionLiteralBody2
    BlockStatement
    Identifier => AssignExpression
ParameterWithAttributes: Parameters FunctionAttributesopt
ParameterWithMemberAttributes: Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt
FunctionLiteralBody2: => AssignExpression SpecifiedFunctionBody
RefOrAutoRef: ref auto ref
AssertExpression:
    assert ( AssertArguments )
AssertArguments: AssignExpression ,opt AssignExpression , AssignExpression ,opt
MixinExpression:
    mixin ( ArgumentList )
ImportExpression:
    import ( AssignExpression )
NewExpression:
    new Type
    new Type [ AssignExpression ]
    new Type ( NamedArgumentListopt )
    NewAnonClassExpression
TypeidExpression:
    typeid ( Type )
    typeid ( Expression )
IsExpression:
    is ( Type )
    is ( Type : TypeSpecialization )
    is ( Type == TypeSpecialization )
    is ( Type : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
    is ( Type == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
    is ( Type Identifier )
    is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization )
    is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization )
    is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
    is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
TypeSpecialization: Type TypeCtor struct union class interface enum __vector function delegate super return __parameters module package
is ( Type : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
is ( Type == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
is ( Type Identifier : TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
is ( Type Identifier == TypeSpecialization , TemplateParameterList )
SpecialKeyword:
    __FILE__
    __FILE_FULL_PATH__
    __MODULE__
    __LINE__
    __FUNCTION__
    __PRETTY_FUNCTION__

Statements

Statement:
    EmptyStatement
    NonEmptyStatement
    ScopeBlockStatement
EmptyStatement: ;
NoScopeNonEmptyStatement: NonEmptyStatement BlockStatement
NoScopeStatement: EmptyStatement NonEmptyStatement BlockStatement
NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement: NonEmptyStatement ScopeBlockStatement
NonEmptyStatement: NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault CaseStatement CaseRangeStatement DefaultStatement
NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault: LabeledStatement ExpressionStatement DeclarationStatement IfStatement WhileStatement DoStatement ForStatement ForeachStatement SwitchStatement FinalSwitchStatement ContinueStatement BreakStatement ReturnStatement GotoStatement WithStatement SynchronizedStatement TryStatement ScopeGuardStatement AsmStatement MixinStatement ForeachRangeStatement PragmaStatement ConditionalStatement StaticForeachStatement ImportDeclaration
ScopeStatement:
    NonEmptyStatement
    BlockStatement
ScopeBlockStatement:
    BlockStatement
LabeledStatement:
    Identifier :
    Identifier : Statement
BlockStatement:
    { }
    { StatementList }
StatementList: Statement Statement StatementList
ExpressionStatement:
    Expression ;
DeclarationStatement:
    StorageClassesopt Declaration
IfStatement:
    if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement
    if ( IfCondition ) ThenStatement else ElseStatement
IfCondition: Expression auto Identifier = Expression scope Identifier = Expression TypeCtors Identifier = Expression TypeCtorsopt BasicType Declarator = Expression
ThenStatement: ScopeStatement
ElseStatement: ScopeStatement
WhileStatement:
    while ( IfCondition ) ScopeStatement
DoStatement:
    do ScopeStatement  while ( Expression ) ;
ForStatement:
    for ( Initialize Testopt ; Incrementopt ) ScopeStatement
Initialize: ; NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Test: Expression
Increment: Expression
AggregateForeach:
    Foreach ( ForeachTypeList ; ForeachAggregate )
ForeachStatement: AggregateForeach NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Foreach: foreach foreach_reverse
ForeachTypeList: ForeachType ForeachType , ForeachTypeList
ForeachType: ForeachTypeAttributesopt BasicType Declarator ForeachTypeAttributesopt Identifier ForeachTypeAttributesopt alias Identifier
ForeachTypeAttributes: ForeachTypeAttribute ForeachTypeAttribute ForeachTypeAttributes
ForeachTypeAttribute: enum ref scope TypeCtor
ForeachAggregate: Expression
OpApplyDeclaration:
    int opApply ( scope int delegate ( OpApplyParameters ) dg ) ;
OpApplyParameters: OpApplyParameter OpApplyParameter, OpApplyParameters
OpApplyParameter: ForeachTypeAttributesopt BasicType Declarator
RangeForeach:
    Foreach ( ForeachType ; LwrExpression .. UprExpression )
LwrExpression: Expression
UprExpression: Expression
ForeachRangeStatement: RangeForeach ScopeStatement
SwitchStatement:
    switch ( IfCondition ) ScopeStatement
CaseStatement: case ArgumentList : ScopeStatementListopt
DefaultStatement: default : ScopeStatementListopt
ScopeStatementList: StatementListNoCaseNoDefault
StatementListNoCaseNoDefault: StatementNoCaseNoDefault StatementNoCaseNoDefault StatementListNoCaseNoDefault
StatementNoCaseNoDefault: EmptyStatement NonEmptyStatementNoCaseNoDefault ScopeBlockStatement
CaseRangeStatement:
    case FirstExp : .. case LastExp : ScopeStatementListopt
FirstExp: AssignExpression
LastExp: AssignExpression
FinalSwitchStatement:
    final switch ( IfCondition ) ScopeStatement
ContinueStatement:
    continue Identifieropt ;
BreakStatement:
    break Identifieropt ;
ReturnStatement:
    return Expressionopt ;
GotoStatement:
    goto Identifier ;
    goto default ;
    goto case ;
    goto case Expression ;
WithStatement:
    with ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
    with ( Symbol ) ScopeStatement
    with ( TemplateInstance ) ScopeStatement
SynchronizedStatement:
    synchronized ScopeStatement
    synchronized ( Expression ) ScopeStatement
TryStatement:
    try ScopeStatement Catches
    try ScopeStatement Catches FinallyStatement
    try ScopeStatement FinallyStatement
Catches: Catch Catch Catches
Catch: catch ( CatchParameter ) NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
CatchParameter: BasicType Identifieropt
FinallyStatement: finally NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
ScopeGuardStatement:
    scope ( exit ) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
    scope ( success ) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
    scope ( failure ) NonEmptyOrScopeBlockStatement
AsmStatement:
    asm FunctionAttributesopt { AsmInstructionListopt }
AsmInstructionList: AsmInstruction ; AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList
MixinStatement:
    mixin ( ArgumentList ) ;

Structs and Unions

StructDeclaration:
    struct Identifier ;
    struct Identifier AggregateBody
    StructTemplateDeclaration
    AnonStructDeclaration
AnonStructDeclaration: struct AggregateBody
UnionDeclaration:
    union Identifier ;
    union Identifier AggregateBody
    UnionTemplateDeclaration
    AnonUnionDeclaration
AnonUnionDeclaration: union AggregateBody
AggregateBody:
    { DeclDefsopt }
StructInitializer:
    { StructMemberInitializersopt }
StructMemberInitializers: StructMemberInitializer StructMemberInitializer , StructMemberInitializer , StructMemberInitializers
StructMemberInitializer: NonVoidInitializer Identifier : NonVoidInitializer
Postblit:
    this ( this ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
Invariant:
    invariant ( ) BlockStatement
    invariant BlockStatement
    invariant ( AssertArguments ) ;
AliasThis:
    alias Identifier this ;
    alias this = Identifier ;

Classes

ClassDeclaration:
    class Identifier ;
    class Identifier BaseClassListopt AggregateBody
    ClassTemplateDeclaration
BaseClassList: : SuperClassOrInterface : SuperClassOrInterface , Interfaces
SuperClassOrInterface: BasicType
Interfaces: Interface Interface , Interfaces
Interface: BasicType
Constructor:
    this Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
    ConstructorTemplate
Destructor:
    ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
StaticConstructor:
    static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
StaticDestructor:
    static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
SharedStaticConstructor:
    shared static this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
SharedStaticDestructor:
    shared static ~ this ( ) MemberFunctionAttributesopt FunctionBody
Invariant:
    invariant ( ) BlockStatement
    invariant BlockStatement
    invariant ( AssertArguments ) ;
NewAnonClassExpression:
    new class ConstructorArgsopt AnonBaseClassListopt AggregateBody
ConstructorArgs: ( NamedArgumentListopt )
AnonBaseClassList: SuperClassOrInterface SuperClassOrInterface , Interfaces
class Identifier : AnonBaseClassList AggregateBody
// ...
new Identifier ConstructorArgs

Interfaces

InterfaceDeclaration:
    interface Identifier ;
    interface Identifier BaseInterfaceListopt AggregateBody
    InterfaceTemplateDeclaration
BaseInterfaceList: : Interfaces

Enums

EnumDeclaration:
    enum Identifier EnumBody
    enum Identifier : EnumBaseType EnumBody
    AnonymousEnumDeclaration
EnumBaseType: Type
EnumBody: { EnumMembers } ;
EnumMembers: EnumMember EnumMember , EnumMember , EnumMembers
EnumMember: EnumMemberAttributesopt Identifier EnumMemberAttributesopt Identifier = AssignExpression
EnumMemberAttributes: EnumMemberAttribute EnumMemberAttribute EnumMemberAttributes
EnumMemberAttribute: DeprecatedAttribute UserDefinedAttribute @disable
AnonymousEnumDeclaration:
    enum : EnumBaseType { EnumMembers }
    enum { AnonymousEnumMembers }
AnonymousEnumMembers: AnonymousEnumMember AnonymousEnumMember , AnonymousEnumMember , AnonymousEnumMembers
AnonymousEnumMember: EnumMember EnumMemberAttributesopt Type Identifier = AssignExpression

Functions

FuncDeclaration:
    StorageClassesopt BasicType FuncDeclarator FunctionBody
    AutoFuncDeclaration
AutoFuncDeclaration: StorageClasses Identifier FuncDeclaratorSuffix FunctionBody
FuncDeclarator: TypeSuffixesopt Identifier FuncDeclaratorSuffix
FuncDeclaratorSuffix: Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt
Parameters:
    ( ParameterListopt )
ParameterList: Parameter Parameter , ParameterListopt VariadicArgumentsAttributesopt ...
Parameter: ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator ... ParameterAttributesopt BasicType Declarator = AssignExpression ParameterAttributesopt Type ParameterAttributesopt Type ... ParameterAttributesopt Type = AssignExpression
ParameterAttributes: ParameterStorageClass UserDefinedAttribute ParameterAttributes ParameterStorageClass ParameterAttributes UserDefinedAttribute
ParameterStorageClass: auto TypeCtor final in lazy out ref return scope
VariadicArgumentsAttributes: VariadicArgumentsAttribute VariadicArgumentsAttribute VariadicArgumentsAttributes
VariadicArgumentsAttribute: const immutable return scope shared
FunctionAttributes:
    FunctionAttribute
    FunctionAttribute FunctionAttributes
FunctionAttribute: FunctionAttributeKwd Property AtAttribute
MemberFunctionAttributes: MemberFunctionAttribute MemberFunctionAttribute MemberFunctionAttributes
MemberFunctionAttribute: const immutable inout return scope shared FunctionAttribute
FunctionBody:
    SpecifiedFunctionBody
    ShortenedFunctionBody
    MissingFunctionBody
SpecifiedFunctionBody: doopt BlockStatement FunctionContractsopt InOutContractExpression doopt BlockStatement FunctionContractsopt InOutStatement do BlockStatement
ShortenedFunctionBody: InOutContractExpressionsopt => AssignExpression ;
MissingFunctionBody:
    ;
    FunctionContractsopt InOutContractExpression ;
    FunctionContractsopt InOutStatement
FunctionContracts:
    FunctionContract
    FunctionContract FunctionContracts
FunctionContract: InOutContractExpression InOutStatement
InOutContractExpressions: InOutContractExpression InOutContractExpression InOutContractExpressions
InOutContractExpression: InContractExpression OutContractExpression
InOutStatement: InStatement OutStatement
InContractExpression: in ( AssertArguments )
OutContractExpression: out ( ; AssertArguments ) out ( Identifier ; AssertArguments )
InStatement: in BlockStatement
OutStatement: out BlockStatement out ( Identifier ) BlockStatement
        MainFunction:
            MainReturnDecl main() MainFunctionBody
            MainReturnDecl main(string[] Identifier) MainFunctionBody
MainReturnDecl: void int noreturn auto
MainFunctionBody: ShortenedFunctionBody SpecifiedFunctionBody
        CMainFunction:
            extern (C) MainReturnDecl main(CmainParametersopt) BlockStatement
CmainParameters: int Identifier, char** Identifier int Identifier, char** Identifier, char** Identifier

Templates

TemplateDeclaration:
    template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt { DeclDefsopt }
TemplateParameters: ( TemplateParameterListopt )
TemplateParameterList: TemplateParameter TemplateParameter , TemplateParameter , TemplateParameterList
TemplateInstance:
    Identifier TemplateArguments
TemplateArguments: ! ( TemplateArgumentListopt ) ! TemplateSingleArgument
TemplateArgumentList: TemplateArgument TemplateArgument , TemplateArgument , TemplateArgumentList
TemplateSingleArgument: Identifier FundamentalType CharacterLiteral StringLiteral InterpolationExpressionSequence IntegerLiteral FloatLiteral true false null this SpecialKeyword
TemplateArgument:
    Type
    AssignExpression
    Symbol
Symbol: SymbolTail . SymbolTail
SymbolTail: Identifier Identifier . SymbolTail TemplateInstance TemplateInstance . SymbolTail
TemplateParameter:
    TemplateTypeParameter
    TemplateValueParameter
    TemplateAliasParameter
    TemplateSequenceParameter
    TemplateThisParameter
TemplateTypeParameter:
    Identifier
    Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization
    Identifier TemplateTypeParameterDefault
    Identifier TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization TemplateTypeParameterDefault
TemplateTypeParameterSpecialization: : Type
TemplateTypeParameterDefault: = Type
TemplateThisParameter:
    this TemplateTypeParameter
TemplateValueParameter:
    BasicType Declarator
    BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization
    BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterDefault
    BasicType Declarator TemplateValueParameterSpecialization TemplateValueParameterDefault
TemplateValueParameterSpecialization: : ConditionalExpression
TemplateValueParameterDefault: = AssignExpression = SpecialKeyword
TemplateAliasParameter:
    alias Identifier TemplateAliasParameterSpecializationopt TemplateAliasParameterDefaultopt
    alias BasicType Declarator TemplateAliasParameterSpecializationopt TemplateAliasParameterDefaultopt
TemplateAliasParameterSpecialization: : Type : ConditionalExpression
TemplateAliasParameterDefault: = Type = ConditionalExpression
TemplateSequenceParameter:
    Identifier ...
ClassTemplateDeclaration:
    class Identifier TemplateParameters ;
    class Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt BaseClassListopt AggregateBody
    class Identifier TemplateParameters BaseClassListopt Constraintopt AggregateBody
InterfaceTemplateDeclaration: interface Identifier TemplateParameters ; interface Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt BaseInterfaceListopt AggregateBody interface Identifier TemplateParameters BaseInterfaceList Constraint AggregateBody
StructTemplateDeclaration: struct Identifier TemplateParameters ; struct Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt AggregateBody
UnionTemplateDeclaration: union Identifier TemplateParameters ; union Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt AggregateBody
ConstructorTemplate:
    this TemplateParameters Parameters MemberFunctionAttributesopt Constraintopt FunctionBody
Constraint:
    if ( Expression )

Template Mixins

TemplateMixinDeclaration:
    mixin template Identifier TemplateParameters Constraintopt { DeclDefsopt }
TemplateMixin: mixin MixinTemplateName TemplateArgumentsopt Identifieropt ;
MixinTemplateName: . MixinQualifiedIdentifier MixinQualifiedIdentifier Typeof . MixinQualifiedIdentifier
MixinQualifiedIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . MixinQualifiedIdentifier TemplateInstance . MixinQualifiedIdentifier

Conditional Compilation

ConditionalDeclaration:
    Condition DeclarationBlock
    Condition DeclarationBlock else DeclarationBlock
    Condition : DeclDefsopt
    Condition DeclarationBlock else : DeclDefsopt
ConditionalStatement: Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement Condition NoScopeNonEmptyStatement else NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
Condition:
    VersionCondition
    DebugCondition
    StaticIfCondition
VersionCondition:
    version ( Identifier )
    version ( unittest )
    version ( assert )
VersionSpecification:
    version = Identifier ;
DebugCondition:
    debug
    debug ( Identifier )
DebugSpecification:
    debug = Identifier ;
StaticIfCondition:
    static if ( AssignExpression )
StaticForeach:
    static AggregateForeach
    static RangeForeach
StaticForeachDeclaration: StaticForeach DeclarationBlock StaticForeach : DeclDefsopt
StaticForeachStatement: StaticForeach NoScopeNonEmptyStatement
StaticAssert:
    static assert ( ArgumentList ) ;

Traits

TraitsExpression:
    __traits ( TraitsKeyword , TraitsArguments )
TraitsKeyword: isAbstractClass isArithmetic isAssociativeArray isFinalClass isPOD isNested isFuture isDeprecated isFloating isIntegral isScalar isStaticArray isUnsigned isDisabled isVirtualFunction isVirtualMethod isAbstractFunction isFinalFunction isStaticFunction isOverrideFunction isTemplate isRef isOut isLazy isReturnOnStack isCopyable isZeroInit isModule isPackage hasMember hasCopyConstructor hasPostblit identifier getAliasThis getAttributes getFunctionAttributes getFunctionVariadicStyle getLinkage getLocation getMember getOverloads getParameterStorageClasses getPointerBitmap getCppNamespaces getVisibility getProtection getTargetInfo getVirtualFunctions getVirtualMethods getUnitTests parent child classInstanceSize classInstanceAlignment getVirtualIndex allMembers derivedMembers isSame compiles toType initSymbol parameters
TraitsArguments: TraitsArgument TraitsArgument , TraitsArguments
TraitsArgument: AssignExpression Type

Unit Tests

UnitTest:
    unittest BlockStatement

D x86 Inline Assembler

AsmStatement:
    asm FunctionAttributesopt { AsmInstructionListopt }
AsmInstructionList: AsmInstruction ; AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList
AsmInstruction:
    Identifier : AsmInstruction
    align IntegerExpression
    even
    naked
    db Operands
    ds Operands
    di Operands
    dl Operands
    df Operands
    dd Operands
    de Operands
    db StringLiteral
    ds StringLiteral
    di StringLiteral
    dl StringLiteral
    dw StringLiteral
    dq StringLiteral
    Opcode
    Opcode Operands
Opcode: Identifier int in out
Operands: Operand Operand , Operands
IntegerExpression:
    IntegerLiteral
    Identifier
Register:
    AL
    AH
    AX
    EAX
BL BH BX EBX
CL CH CX ECX
DL DH DX EDX
BP EBP
SP ESP
DI EDI
SI ESI
ES CS SS DS GS FS
CR0 CR2 CR3 CR4
DR0 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR6 DR7
TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7
ST
ST(0) ST(1) ST(2) ST(3) ST(4) ST(5) ST(6) ST(7)
MM0 MM1 MM2 MM3 MM4 MM5 MM6 MM7
XMM0 XMM1 XMM2 XMM3 XMM4 XMM5 XMM6 XMM7
Register64:
    RAX
    RBX
    RCX
    RDX
BPL RBP
SPL RSP
DIL RDI
SIL RSI
R8B R8W R8D R8
R9B R9W R9D R9
R10B R10W R10D R10
R11B R11W R11D R11
R12B R12W R12D R12
R13B R13W R13D R13
R14B R14W R14D R14
R15B R15W R15D R15
XMM8 XMM9 XMM10 XMM11 XMM12 XMM13 XMM14 XMM15
YMM0 YMM1 YMM2 YMM3 YMM4 YMM5 YMM6 YMM7
YMM8 YMM9 YMM10 YMM11 YMM12 YMM13 YMM14 YMM15
Operand:
    AsmExp
AsmExp: AsmLogOrExp AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp
AsmLogOrExp: AsmLogAndExp AsmLogOrExp || AsmLogAndExp
AsmLogAndExp: AsmOrExp AsmLogAndExp && AsmOrExp
AsmOrExp: AsmXorExp AsmOrExp | AsmXorExp
AsmXorExp: AsmAndExp AsmXorExp ^ AsmAndExp
AsmAndExp: AsmEqualExp AsmAndExp & AsmEqualExp
AsmEqualExp: AsmRelExp AsmEqualExp == AsmRelExp AsmEqualExp != AsmRelExp
AsmRelExp: AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp < AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp <= AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp > AsmShiftExp AsmRelExp >= AsmShiftExp
AsmShiftExp: AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp << AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp >> AsmAddExp AsmShiftExp >>> AsmAddExp
AsmAddExp: AsmMulExp AsmAddExp + AsmMulExp AsmAddExp - AsmMulExp
AsmMulExp: AsmBrExp AsmMulExp * AsmBrExp AsmMulExp / AsmBrExp AsmMulExp % AsmBrExp
AsmBrExp: AsmUnaExp AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ]
AsmUnaExp: AsmTypePrefix AsmExp offsetof AsmExp seg AsmExp + AsmUnaExp - AsmUnaExp ! AsmUnaExp ~ AsmUnaExp AsmPrimaryExp
AsmPrimaryExp: IntegerLiteral FloatLiteral __LOCAL_SIZE $ Register Register : AsmExp Register64 Register64 : AsmExp DotIdentifier this
DotIdentifier: Identifier Identifier . DotIdentifier FundamentalType . Identifier
AsmTypePrefix:
    near ptr
    far ptr
    word ptr
    dword ptr
    qword ptr
    FundamentalType ptr
GccAsmStatement:
    asm FunctionAttributesopt { GccAsmInstructionList }
GccAsmInstructionList: GccAsmInstruction ; GccAsmInstruction ; GccAsmInstructionList
GccAsmInstruction: GccBasicAsmInstruction GccExtAsmInstruction GccGotoAsmInstruction
GccBasicAsmInstruction: AssignExpression
GccExtAsmInstruction: AssignExpression : GccAsmOperandsopt AssignExpression : GccAsmOperandsopt : GccAsmOperandsopt AssignExpression : GccAsmOperandsopt : GccAsmOperandsopt : GccAsmClobbersopt
GccGotoAsmInstruction: AssignExpression : : GccAsmOperandsopt : GccAsmClobbersopt : GccAsmGotoLabelsopt
GccAsmOperands: GccSymbolicNameopt StringLiteral ( AssignExpression ) GccSymbolicNameopt StringLiteral ( AssignExpression ) , GccAsmOperands
GccSymbolicName: [ Identifier ]
GccAsmClobbers: StringLiteral StringLiteral , GccAsmClobbers
GccAsmGotoLabels: Identifier Identifier , GccAsmGotoLabels

Named Character Entities

NamedCharacterEntity:
    & Identifier ;

Application Binary Interface

MangledName:
    _D QualifiedName Type
    _D QualifiedName Z        // Internal
QualifiedName:
    SymbolFunctionName
    SymbolFunctionName QualifiedName
SymbolFunctionName: SymbolName SymbolName TypeFunctionNoReturn SymbolName M TypeModifiersopt TypeFunctionNoReturn
SymbolName:
    LName
    TemplateInstanceName
    IdentifierBackRef
    0                         // anonymous symbols
TemplateInstanceName:
    TemplateID LName TemplateArgs Z
TemplateID: __T __U // for symbols declared inside template constraint
TemplateArgs: TemplateArg TemplateArg TemplateArgs
TemplateArg: TemplateArgX H TemplateArgX
TemplateArgX:
    T Type
    V Type Value
    S QualifiedName
    X Number ExternallyMangledName
Values:
    Value
    Value Values
Value: n i Number N Number e HexFloat c HexFloat c HexFloat CharWidth Number _ HexDigits A Number Values S Number Values f MangledName
HexFloat: NAN INF NINF N HexDigits P Exponent HexDigits P Exponent
Exponent: N Number Number
HexDigits: HexDigit HexDigit HexDigits
HexDigit: Digit A B C D E F
CharWidth: a w d
Name:
    Namestart
    Namestart Namechars
Namestart: _ Alpha
Namechar: Namestart Digit
Namechars: Namechar Namechar Namechars
LName:
    Number Name
    Number __S Number    // function-local parent symbols
Number: Digit Digit Number
Digit: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TypeBackRef:
    Q NumberBackRef
IdentifierBackRef: Q NumberBackRef
NumberBackRef: lower-case-letter upper-case-letter NumberBackRef
Type:
    TypeModifiersopt TypeX
    TypeBackRef
TypeX: TypeArray TypeStaticArray TypeAssocArray TypePointer TypeFunction TypeIdent TypeClass TypeStruct TypeEnum TypeTypedef TypeDelegate TypeVoid TypeByte TypeUbyte TypeShort TypeUshort TypeInt TypeUint TypeLong TypeUlong TypeCent TypeUcent TypeFloat TypeDouble TypeReal TypeIfloat TypeIdouble TypeIreal TypeCfloat TypeCdouble TypeCreal TypeBool TypeChar TypeWchar TypeDchar TypeNoreturn TypeNull TypeTuple TypeVector
TypeModifiers: Const Wild Wild Const Shared Shared Const Shared Wild Shared Wild Const Immutable
Shared: O
Const: x
Immutable: y
Wild: Ng
TypeArray: A Type
TypeStaticArray: G Number Type
TypeAssocArray: H Type Type
TypePointer: P Type
TypeVector: Nh Type
TypeFunction: TypeFunctionNoReturn Type
TypeFunctionNoReturn: CallConvention FuncAttrsopt Parametersopt ParamClose
CallConvention: F // D U // C W // Windows R // C++ Y // Objective-C
FuncAttrs: FuncAttr FuncAttr FuncAttrs
FuncAttr: FuncAttrPure FuncAttrNothrow FuncAttrRef FuncAttrProperty FuncAttrNogc FuncAttrReturn FuncAttrScope FuncAttrTrusted FuncAttrSafe FuncAttrLive
FuncAttrPure:
    Na
FuncAttrNogc: Ni
FuncAttrNothrow: Nb
FuncAttrProperty: Nd
FuncAttrRef: Nc
FuncAttrReturn: Nj
FuncAttrScope: Nl
FuncAttrTrusted: Ne
FuncAttrSafe: Nf
FuncAttrLive: Nm
Parameters: Parameter Parameter Parameters
Parameter: Parameter2 M Parameter2 // scope Nk Parameter2 // return
Parameter2: Type I Type // in J Type // out K Type // ref L Type // lazy
ParamClose: X // variadic T t...) style Y // variadic T t,...) style Z // not variadic
TypeIdent: I QualifiedName
TypeClass: C QualifiedName
TypeStruct: S QualifiedName
TypeEnum: E QualifiedName
TypeTypedef: T QualifiedName
TypeDelegate: D TypeModifiersopt TypeFunction
TypeVoid: v
TypeByte: g
TypeUbyte: h
TypeShort: s
TypeUshort: t
TypeInt: i
TypeUint: k
TypeLong: l
TypeUlong: m
TypeCent: zi
TypeUcent: zk
TypeFloat: f
TypeDouble: d
TypeReal: e
TypeIfloat: o
TypeIdouble: p
TypeIreal: j
TypeCfloat: q
TypeCdouble: r
TypeCreal: c
TypeBool: b
TypeChar: a
TypeWchar: u
TypeDchar: w
TypeNoreturn: Nn
TypeNull: n
TypeTuple: B Parameters Z

ImportC

#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS on-off-switch
on-off-switch: ON OFF DEFAULT
EnumDeclaration:
    enum Identifier : EnumBaseType EnumBody
EnumBaseType: Type
type-specifier:
    typeof-specifier
typeof-specifier: typeof ( expression ) typeof ( type-name )
CImportDeclaration:
    __import ImportList ;
Interpolation Expression Sequence
Modules