std.experimental.allocator

// Allocate an int, initialize it with 42
int* p = theAllocator.make!int(42);
assert(*p == 42);
// Destroy and deallocate it
theAllocator.dispose(p);

// Allocate using the global process allocator
p = processAllocator.make!int(100);
assert(*p == 100);
// Destroy and deallocate
processAllocator.dispose(p);

// Create an array of 50 doubles initialized to -1.0
double[] arr = theAllocator.makeArray!double(50, -1.0);
// Append two zeros to it
theAllocator.expandArray(arr, 2, 0.0);
// On second thought, take that back
theAllocator.shrinkArray(arr, 2);
// Destroy and deallocate
theAllocator.dispose(arr);

void fun(size_t n)
{
    // Use the current allocator
    int[] a1 = theAllocator.makeArray!int(n);
    scope(exit) theAllocator.dispose(a1);
    ...
}

void main()
{
    import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.free_list
        : FreeList;
    theAllocator = allocatorObject(FreeList!8());
    ...
}

struct HashTable
{
    private IAllocator allocator;
    this(size_t buckets, IAllocator allocator = theAllocator) {
        this.allocator = allocator;
        ...
    }
    // Getter and setter
    IAllocator allocator() { return allocator; }
    void allocator(IAllocator a) { assert(empty); allocator = a; }
}

void fun(size_t n)
{
    // Use a stack-installed allocator for up to 64KB
    StackFront!65536 myAllocator;
    int[] a2 = myAllocator.makeArray!int(n);
    scope(exit) myAllocator.dispose(a2);
    ...
}

interface IAllocator;

Dynamic allocator interface. Code that defines allocators ultimately implements this interface. This should be used wherever a uniform type is required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.

Composition of allocators is not recommended at this level due to inflexibility of dynamic interfaces and inefficiencies caused by cascaded multiple calls. Instead, compose allocators using the static interface defined in std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks, then adapt the composed allocator to IAllocator (possibly by using CAllocatorImpl below).

Methods returning Ternary return Ternary.yes upon success, Ternary.no upon failure, and Ternary.unknown if the primitive is not implemented by the allocator instance.

abstract nothrow @property uint alignment();

Returns the alignment offered.

abstract nothrow size_t goodAllocSize(size_t s);

Returns the good allocation size that guarantees zero internal fragmentation.

abstract nothrow void[] allocate(size_t, TypeInfo ti = null);

Allocates n bytes of memory.

abstract nothrow void[] alignedAllocate(size_t n, uint a);

Allocates n bytes of memory with specified alignment a. Implementations that do not support this primitive should always return null.

abstract nothrow void[] allocateAll();

Allocates and returns all memory available to this allocator. Implementations that do not support this primitive should always return null.

abstract nothrow bool expand(ref void[], size_t);

Expands a memory block in place and returns true if successful. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return false.

abstract nothrow bool reallocate(ref void[], size_t);

Reallocates a memory block.

abstract nothrow bool alignedReallocate(ref void[] b, size_t size, uint alignment);

Reallocates a memory block with specified alignment.

abstract nothrow Ternary owns(void[] b);

Returns Ternary.yes if the allocator owns b, Ternary.no if the allocator doesn't own b, and Ternary.unknown if ownership cannot be determined. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return Ternary.unknown.

abstract nothrow Ternary resolveInternalPointer(const void* p, ref void[] result);

Resolves an internal pointer to the full block allocated. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return Ternary.unknown.

abstract nothrow bool deallocate(void[] b);

Deallocates a memory block. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return false. A simple way to check that an allocator supports deallocation is to call deallocate(null).

abstract nothrow bool deallocateAll();

Deallocates all memory. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return false.

abstract nothrow Ternary empty();

Returns Ternary.yes if no memory is currently allocated from this allocator, Ternary.no if some allocations are currently active, or Ternary.unknown if not supported.

abstract pure nothrow @nogc @safe void incRef();

Increases the reference count of the concrete class that implements this interface.

For stateless allocators, this does nothing.

abstract pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool decRef();

Decreases the reference count of the concrete class that implements this interface. When the reference count is 0, the object self-destructs.

Returns:

true if the reference count is greater than 0 and false when it hits 0. For stateless allocators, it always returns true.

struct RCIAllocator;

A reference counted struct that wraps the dynamic allocator interface. This should be used wherever a uniform type is required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.

Code that defines allocators ultimately implements the IAllocator interface, possibly by using CAllocatorImpl below, and then build a RCIAllocator out of this.

Composition of allocators is not recommended at this level due to inflexibility of dynamic interfaces and inefficiencies caused by cascaded multiple calls. Instead, compose allocators using the static interface defined in std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks, then adapt the composed allocator to RCIAllocator (possibly by using allocatorObject below).

interface ISharedAllocator;

Dynamic shared allocator interface. Code that defines allocators shareable across threads ultimately implements this interface. This should be used wherever a uniform type is required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.

Composition of allocators is not recommended at this level due to inflexibility of dynamic interfaces and inefficiencies caused by cascaded multiple calls. Instead, compose allocators using the static interface defined in std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks, then adapt the composed allocator to ISharedAllocator (possibly by using CSharedAllocatorImpl below).

Methods returning Ternary return Ternary.yes upon success, Ternary.no upon failure, and Ternary.unknown if the primitive is not implemented by the allocator instance.

abstract shared nothrow @property uint alignment();

Returns the alignment offered.

abstract shared nothrow size_t goodAllocSize(size_t s);

Returns the good allocation size that guarantees zero internal fragmentation.

abstract shared nothrow void[] allocate(size_t, TypeInfo ti = null);

Allocates n bytes of memory.

abstract shared nothrow void[] alignedAllocate(size_t n, uint a);

Allocates n bytes of memory with specified alignment a. Implementations that do not support this primitive should always return null.

abstract shared nothrow void[] allocateAll();

Allocates and returns all memory available to this allocator. Implementations that do not support this primitive should always return null.

abstract shared nothrow bool expand(ref void[], size_t);

Expands a memory block in place and returns true if successful. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return false.

abstract shared nothrow bool reallocate(ref void[], size_t);

Reallocates a memory block.

abstract shared nothrow bool alignedReallocate(ref void[] b, size_t size, uint alignment);

Reallocates a memory block with specified alignment.

abstract shared nothrow Ternary owns(void[] b);

Returns Ternary.yes if the allocator owns b, Ternary.no if the allocator doesn't own b, and Ternary.unknown if ownership cannot be determined. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return Ternary.unknown.

abstract shared nothrow Ternary resolveInternalPointer(const void* p, ref void[] result);

Resolves an internal pointer to the full block allocated. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return Ternary.unknown.

abstract shared nothrow bool deallocate(void[] b);

Deallocates a memory block. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return false. A simple way to check that an allocator supports deallocation is to call deallocate(null).

abstract shared nothrow bool deallocateAll();

Deallocates all memory. Implementations that don't support this primitive should always return false.

abstract shared nothrow Ternary empty();

Returns Ternary.yes if no memory is currently allocated from this allocator, Ternary.no if some allocations are currently active, or Ternary.unknown if not supported.

abstract shared pure nothrow @nogc @safe void incRef();

Increases the reference count of the concrete class that implements this interface.

For stateless allocators, this does nothing.

abstract shared pure nothrow @nogc @safe bool decRef();

Decreases the reference count of the concrete class that implements this interface. When the reference count is 0, the object self-destructs.

For stateless allocators, this does nothing.

Returns:

true if the reference count is greater than 0 and false when it hits 0. For stateless allocators, it always returns true.

struct RCISharedAllocator;

A reference counted struct that wraps the dynamic shared allocator interface. This should be used wherever a uniform type is required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.

Code that defines allocators shareable across threads ultimately implements the ISharedAllocator interface, possibly by using CSharedAllocatorImpl below, and then build a RCISharedAllocator out of this.

Composition of allocators is not recommended at this level due to inflexibility of dynamic interfaces and inefficiencies caused by cascaded multiple calls. Instead, compose allocators using the static interface defined in std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks, then adapt the composed allocator to RCISharedAllocator (possibly by using sharedAllocatorObject below).

nothrow @nogc @property ref @safe RCIAllocator theAllocator();

nothrow @nogc @property @system void theAllocator(RCIAllocator a);

Gets/sets the allocator for the current thread. This is the default allocator that should be used for allocating thread-local memory. For allocating memory to be shared across threads, use processAllocator (below). By default, theAllocator ultimately fetches memory from processAllocator, which in turn uses the garbage collected heap.

Examples:

// Install a new allocator that is faster for 128-byte allocations.
import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.free_list : FreeList;
import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
auto oldAllocator = theAllocator;
scope(exit) theAllocator = oldAllocator;
theAllocator = allocatorObject(FreeList!(GCAllocator, 128)());
// Use the now changed allocator to allocate an array
const ubyte[] arr = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(128);
assert(arr.ptr);
//...

nothrow @nogc @property ref @trusted RCISharedAllocator processAllocator();

nothrow @nogc @property @system void processAllocator(ref RCISharedAllocator a);

Gets/sets the allocator for the current process. This allocator must be used for allocating memory shared across threads. Objects created using this allocator can be cast to shared.

auto make(T, Allocator, A...)(auto ref Allocator alloc, auto ref A args);

Dynamically allocates (using alloc) and then creates in the memory allocated an object of type T, using args (if any) for its initialization. Initialization occurs in the memory allocated and is otherwise semantically the same as T(args). (Note that using alloc.make!(T[]) creates a pointer to an (empty) array of Ts, not an array. To use an allocator to allocate and initialize an array, use alloc.makeArray!T described below.)

Parameters:

T	Type of the object being created.
Allocator alloc	The allocator used for getting the needed memory. It may be an object implementing the static interface for allocators, or an IAllocator reference.
A args	Optional arguments used for initializing the created object. If not present, the object is default constructed.

Returns:

If T is a class type, returns a reference to the created T object. Otherwise, returns a T* pointing to the created object. In all cases, returns null if allocation failed.

Throws:

If T's constructor throws, deallocates the allocated memory and propagates the exception.

Examples:

// Dynamically allocate one integer
const int* p1 = theAllocator.make!int;
// It's implicitly initialized with its .init value
writeln(*p1); // 0
// Dynamically allocate one double, initialize to 42.5
const double* p2 = theAllocator.make!double(42.5);
writeln(*p2); // 42.5

// Dynamically allocate a struct
static struct Point
{
    int x, y, z;
}
// Use the generated constructor taking field values in order
const Point* p = theAllocator.make!Point(1, 2);
assert(p.x == 1 && p.y == 2 && p.z == 0);

// Dynamically allocate a class object
static class Customer
{
    uint id = uint.max;
    this() {}
    this(uint id) { this.id = id; }
    // ...
}
Customer cust = theAllocator.make!Customer;
assert(cust.id == uint.max); // default initialized
cust = theAllocator.make!Customer(42);
writeln(cust.id); // 42

// explicit passing of outer pointer
static class Outer
{
    int x = 3;
    class Inner
    {
        auto getX() { return x; }
    }
}
auto outer = theAllocator.make!Outer();
auto inner = theAllocator.make!(Outer.Inner)(outer);
writeln(outer.x); // inner.getX

T[] makeArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, size_t length);

T[] makeArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, size_t length, T init);

Unqual!(ElementEncodingType!R)[] makeArray(Allocator, R)(auto ref Allocator alloc, R range)
if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R);

T[] makeArray(T, Allocator, R)(auto ref Allocator alloc, R range)
if (isInputRange!R && !isInfinite!R);

Create an array of T with length elements using alloc. The array is either default-initialized, filled with copies of init, or initialized with values fetched from range.

Parameters:

T	element type of the array being created
Allocator alloc	the allocator used for getting memory
size_t length	length of the newly created array
T init	element used for filling the array
R range	range used for initializing the array elements

Returns:

The newly-created array, or null if either length was 0 or allocation failed.

Throws:

The first two overloads throw only if alloc's primitives do. The overloads that involve copy initialization deallocate memory and propagate the exception if the copy operation throws.

Examples:

import std.algorithm.comparison : equal;
static void test(T)()
{
    T[] a = theAllocator.makeArray!T(2);
    assert(a.equal([0, 0]));
    a = theAllocator.makeArray!T(3, 42);
    assert(a.equal([42, 42, 42]));
    import std.range : only;
    a = theAllocator.makeArray!T(only(42, 43, 44));
    assert(a.equal([42, 43, 44]));
}
test!int();
test!(shared int)();
test!(const int)();
test!(immutable int)();

bool expandArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, ref T[] array, size_t delta);

bool expandArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, ref T[] array, size_t delta, auto ref T init);

bool expandArray(T, Allocator, R)(auto ref Allocator alloc, ref T[] array, R range)
if (isInputRange!R);

Grows array by appending delta more elements. The needed memory is allocated using alloc. The extra elements added are either default- initialized, filled with copies of init, or initialized with values fetched from range.

Parameters:

T	element type of the array being created
Allocator alloc	the allocator used for getting memory
T[] array	a reference to the array being grown
size_t delta	number of elements to add (upon success the new length of array is array.length + delta)
T init	element used for filling the array
R range	range used for initializing the array elements

Returns:

true upon success, false if memory could not be allocated. In the latter case array is left unaffected.

Throws:

The first two overloads throw only if alloc's primitives do. The overloads that involve copy initialization deallocate memory and propagate the exception if the copy operation throws.

Examples:

auto arr = theAllocator.makeArray!int([1, 2, 3]);
assert(theAllocator.expandArray(arr, 2));
writeln(arr); // [1, 2, 3, 0, 0]
import std.range : only;
assert(theAllocator.expandArray(arr, only(4, 5)));
writeln(arr); // [1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 4, 5]

bool shrinkArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, ref T[] array, size_t delta);

Shrinks an array by delta elements.

If array.length < delta, does nothing and returns false. Otherwise, destroys the last array.length - delta elements in the array and then reallocates the array's buffer. If reallocation fails, fills the array with default-initialized data.

Parameters:

T	element type of the array being created
Allocator alloc	the allocator used for getting memory
T[] array	a reference to the array being shrunk
size_t delta	number of elements to remove (upon success the new length of array is array.length - delta)

Returns:

true upon success, false if memory could not be reallocated. In the latter case, the slice array[$ - delta .. $] is left with default-initialized elements.

Throws:

The first two overloads throw only if alloc's primitives do. The overloads that involve copy initialization deallocate memory and propagate the exception if the copy operation throws.

Examples:

int[] a = theAllocator.makeArray!int(100, 42);
writeln(a.length); // 100
assert(theAllocator.shrinkArray(a, 98));
writeln(a.length); // 2
writeln(a); // [42, 42]

void dispose(A, T)(auto ref A alloc, auto ref T* p);

void dispose(A, T)(auto ref A alloc, auto ref T p)
if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface));

void dispose(A, T)(auto ref A alloc, auto ref T[] array);

Destroys and then deallocates (using alloc) the object pointed to by a pointer, the class object referred to by a class or interface reference, or an entire array. It is assumed the respective entities had been allocated with the same allocator.

auto makeMultidimensionalArray(T, Allocator, size_t N)(auto ref Allocator alloc, size_t[N] lengths...);

Allocates a multidimensional array of elements of type T.

Parameters:

N	number of dimensions
T	element type of an element of the multidimensional arrat
Allocator alloc	the allocator used for getting memory
size_t[N] lengths	static array containing the size of each dimension

Returns:

An N-dimensional array with individual elements of type T.

Examples:

import std.experimental.allocator.mallocator : Mallocator;

auto mArray = Mallocator.instance.makeMultidimensionalArray!int(2, 3, 6);

// deallocate when exiting scope
scope(exit)
{
    Mallocator.instance.disposeMultidimensionalArray(mArray);
}

writeln(mArray.length); // 2
foreach (lvl2Array; mArray)
{
    writeln(lvl2Array.length); // 3
    foreach (lvl3Array; lvl2Array)
        writeln(lvl3Array.length); // 6
}

void disposeMultidimensionalArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, auto ref T[] array);

Destroys and then deallocates a multidimensional array, assuming it was created with makeMultidimensionalArray and the same allocator was used.

Parameters:

T	element type of an element of the multidimensional array
Allocator alloc	the allocator used for getting memory
T[] array	the multidimensional array that is to be deallocated

Examples:

struct TestAllocator
{
    import std.experimental.allocator.common : platformAlignment;
    import std.experimental.allocator.mallocator : Mallocator;

    alias allocator = Mallocator.instance;

    private static struct ByteRange
    {
        void* ptr;
        size_t length;
    }

    private ByteRange[] _allocations;

    enum uint alignment = platformAlignment;

    void[] allocate(size_t numBytes)
    {
         auto ret = allocator.allocate(numBytes);
         _allocations ~= ByteRange(ret.ptr, ret.length);
         return ret;
    }

    bool deallocate(void[] bytes)
    {
        import std.algorithm.mutation : remove;
        import std.algorithm.searching : canFind;

        bool pred(ByteRange other)
        { return other.ptr == bytes.ptr && other.length == bytes.length; }

        assert(_allocations.canFind!pred);

         _allocations = _allocations.remove!pred;
         return allocator.deallocate(bytes);
    }

    ~this()
    {
        assert(!_allocations.length);
    }
}

TestAllocator allocator;

auto mArray = allocator.makeMultidimensionalArray!int(2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 2);

allocator.disposeMultidimensionalArray(mArray);

RCIAllocator allocatorObject(A)(auto ref A a)
if (!isPointer!A);

RCIAllocator allocatorObject(A)(A* pa);

Returns a dynamically-typed CAllocator built around a given statically- typed allocator a of type A. Passing a pointer to the allocator creates a dynamic allocator around the allocator pointed to by the pointer, without attempting to copy or move it. Passing the allocator by value or reference behaves as follows.

• If A has no state, the resulting object is allocated in static shared storage.
• If A has state, the result will std.algorithm.mutation.move the supplied allocator A a within. The result itself is allocated in its own statically-typed allocator.

Examples:

import std.experimental.allocator.mallocator : Mallocator;

RCIAllocator a = allocatorObject(Mallocator.instance);
auto b = a.allocate(100);
writeln(b.length); // 100
assert(a.deallocate(b));

// The in-situ region must be used by pointer
import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.region : InSituRegion;
auto r = InSituRegion!1024();
a = allocatorObject(&r);
b = a.allocate(200);
writeln(b.length); // 200
// In-situ regions can deallocate the last allocation
assert(a.deallocate(b));

nothrow RCISharedAllocator sharedAllocatorObject(A)(auto ref A a)
if (!isPointer!A);

RCISharedAllocator sharedAllocatorObject(A)(A* pa);

Returns a dynamically-typed CSharedAllocator built around a given statically- typed allocator a of type A. Passing a pointer to the allocator creates a dynamic allocator around the allocator pointed to by the pointer, without attempting to copy or move it. Passing the allocator by value or reference behaves as follows.

• If A has no state, the resulting object is allocated in static shared storage.
• If A has state and is copyable, the result will std.algorithm.mutation.move the supplied allocator A a within. The result itself is allocated in its own statically-typed allocator.
• If A has state and is not copyable, the result will move the passed-in argument into the result. The result itself is allocated in its own statically-typed allocator.

class CAllocatorImpl(Allocator, Flag!"indirect" indirect = No.indirect): IAllocator;

Implementation of IAllocator using Allocator. This adapts a statically-built allocator type to IAllocator that is directly usable by non-templated code.

Usually CAllocatorImpl is used indirectly by calling theAllocator.

pure @nogc ref @safe Allocator impl();

The implementation is available as a public member.

pure @nogc @safe this(Allocator* pa);

The implementation is available as a public member.

@property uint alignment();

Returns impl.alignment.

size_t goodAllocSize(size_t s);

Returns impl.goodAllocSize(s).

void[] allocate(size_t s, TypeInfo ti = null);

Returns impl.allocate(s).

void[] alignedAllocate(size_t s, uint a);

If impl.alignedAllocate exists, calls it and returns the result. Otherwise, always returns null.

Ternary owns(void[] b);

If Allocator implements owns, forwards to it. Otherwise, returns Ternary.unknown.

bool expand(ref void[] b, size_t s);

Returns impl.expand(b, s) if defined, false otherwise.

bool reallocate(ref void[] b, size_t s);

Returns impl.reallocate(b, s).

bool alignedReallocate(ref void[] b, size_t s, uint a);

Forwards to impl.alignedReallocate if defined, false otherwise.

bool deallocate(void[] b);

If impl.deallocate is not defined, returns false. Otherwise it forwards the call.

bool deallocateAll();

Calls impl.deallocateAll() and returns the result if defined, otherwise returns false.

Ternary empty();

Forwards to impl.empty() if defined, otherwise returns Ternary.unknown.

void[] allocateAll();

Returns impl.allocateAll() if present, null otherwise.

class CSharedAllocatorImpl(Allocator, Flag!"indirect" indirect = No.indirect): ISharedAllocator;

Implementation of ISharedAllocator using Allocator. This adapts a statically-built, shareable across threads, allocator type to ISharedAllocator that is directly usable by non-templated code.

Usually CSharedAllocatorImpl is used indirectly by calling processAllocator.

shared pure @nogc ref @safe Allocator impl();

The implementation is available as a public member.

shared pure @nogc @safe this(Allocator* pa);

The implementation is available as a public member.

shared @property uint alignment();

Returns impl.alignment.

shared size_t goodAllocSize(size_t s);

Returns impl.goodAllocSize(s).

shared void[] allocate(size_t s, TypeInfo ti = null);

Returns impl.allocate(s).

shared void[] alignedAllocate(size_t s, uint a);

If impl.alignedAllocate exists, calls it and returns the result. Otherwise, always returns null.

shared Ternary owns(void[] b);

If Allocator implements owns, forwards to it. Otherwise, returns Ternary.unknown.

shared bool expand(ref void[] b, size_t s);

Returns impl.expand(b, s) if defined, false otherwise.

shared bool reallocate(ref void[] b, size_t s);

Returns impl.reallocate(b, s).

shared bool alignedReallocate(ref void[] b, size_t s, uint a);

Forwards to impl.alignedReallocate if defined, false otherwise.

shared bool deallocate(void[] b);

If impl.deallocate is not defined, returns false. Otherwise it forwards the call.

shared bool deallocateAll();

Calls impl.deallocateAll() and returns the result if defined, otherwise returns false.

shared Ternary empty();

Forwards to impl.empty() if defined, otherwise returns Ternary.unknown.

shared void[] allocateAll();

Returns impl.allocateAll() if present, null otherwise.

struct ThreadLocal(A);

Stores an allocator object in thread-local storage (i.e. non-shared D global). ThreadLocal!A is a subtype of A so it appears to implement A's allocator primitives.

A must hold state, otherwise ThreadLocal!A refuses instantiation. This means e.g. ThreadLocal!Mallocator does not work because Mallocator's state is not stored as members of Mallocator, but instead is hidden in the C library implementation.

Examples:

import std.experimental.allocator.building_blocks.free_list : FreeList;
import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
import std.experimental.allocator.mallocator : Mallocator;

static assert(!is(ThreadLocal!Mallocator));
static assert(!is(ThreadLocal!GCAllocator));
alias Allocator = ThreadLocal!(FreeList!(GCAllocator, 0, 8));
auto b = Allocator.instance.allocate(5);
static assert(__traits(hasMember, Allocator, "allocate"));

static A instance;

The allocator instance.

this();

ThreadLocal disables all constructors. The intended usage is ThreadLocal!A.instance.